UIS Life | University of Illinois Springfield

Arts & Outreach | University of Illinois Springfield

Admission & Aid | University of Illinois Springfield

Cost & Aid | University of Illinois Springfield

Campus Recreation | University of Illinois Springfield

Colleges | University of Illinois Springfield

Home | University of Illinois Springfield

Why UIS? | University of Illinois Springfield

Alumni & Giving | University of Illinois Springfield

Capital Scholars Honors Program | University of Illinois Springfield

All controls on the page - including links, buttons, and fields - should show when 
they have been selected by the keyboard.

You can confirm this yourself by loading a webpage and using the Tab key to navigate 
through it. Anything you can select should alter its appearance when selected. 
For example, a text field might change color, or have a distinctive border applied. 

This is default behavior for all standard web controls, and so if this issue is appearing
it is because this default behavior has been disabled. Or alternatively, if you have written
your own custom controls, these will need styling to support focus states.

## How to fix

Links and form controls typically define an `outline` CSS style, which ensures
they are highlighted automatically, for example:

```css
input:focus (outline: 2px solid red);
``` 

If you choose to override or disable the default `outline`, you should specify an accessible 
alternative, such as a border or background color.

### Elements appear to change in the browser

Focus states should be defined in CSS alone, and not require JavaScript to work.

Try disabling JavaScript on the page, and see if focus is still visible. If it not,
then the focus state won't work with assistive technologies that don't have a physical
keyboard, e.g. mobile phones.

Some more unusual means of implementing a focus state cannot be detected or measured
automatically. These include:

* Focus implemented via pseudo-elements - such as `::after` or `::before`.
* Focus using `:focus-within` (JavaScript current provides no way to access these).
* Focus cascaded to child elements, e.g. a `<span>` inside an `<a>` tag. We detect
  some of these cases, but there are variations that we cannot detect.

Currently, there is no practical way to assess these focus states automatically.

### Unexpected elements are focusable

You may be surprised to see tags like `<div>` or `<span>` being shown as focusable.
If an element has a `tabindex` of 0 or higher, it becomes focusable. Any HTML tag can be made 
focusable in this way, this is so that custom controls (e.g. your own drop-down menus, or 
sliders) can support keyboard navigation. [Learn more about tabindex on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/tabindex).

## Further reading

* [WCAG 2.4.7](https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG22/Understanding/focus-visible.html)

ensure-focus-is-visible

June 2024

May 2024

University of Illinois Springfield

Title / URL	Issues
UIS Life \| University of Illinois Springfieldwww.uis.edu/uis-life	10
Arts & Outreach \| University of Illinois Springfieldwww.uis.edu/arts-outreach	10
Admission & Aid \| University of Illinois Springfieldwww.uis.edu/admission-aid	10
Cost & Aid \| University of Illinois Springfieldwww.uis.edu/cost-aid	10
Campus Recreation \| University of Illinois Springfieldwww.uis.edu/campusrec	10
Colleges \| University of Illinois Springfieldwww.uis.edu/colleges	10
Home \| University of Illinois Springfieldwww.uis.edu/	10
Why UIS? \| University of Illinois Springfieldwww.uis.edu/why-uis	10
Alumni & Giving \| University of Illinois Springfieldwww.uis.edu/alumni-giving	10
Capital Scholars Honors Program \| University of Illinois Springfieldwww.uis.edu/caphonors	10

Ensure controls change appearance when they are selected

University of Illinois Springfield

Where this issue has occurred