Research areas | Middlesex University London

Research clusters | Middlesex University London

Research culture | Middlesex University London

Research Excellence Framework (REF) | Middlesex University London

Research quality and integrity | Middlesex University London

Research centres | Middlesex University London

Open Access | Middlesex University London

Website Accessibility | Middlesex University

Undergraduate open day | Middlesex University

Peppa Pig producer praises MDX animation students ahead of their film premiere | Middlesex University

Lists of related items should be written [semantically](https://html.com/semantic-markup/) as a 
list.

Usually this means rewriting these to use the `<ul>` or `<ol>` tags.

This allows assistive technologies to more easily navigate from item to
item, or past entire groups of links if the user wants to. 

## Examples 

### Navigation

This navigation:

```html
<a href="/about">About us</a>
<a href="/products">Products</a>
<a href="/contact">Contact us</a>
```

Should be rewritten as a list:

```html
<ul>
  <li><a href="/about">About us</a></li>
  <li><a href="/products">Products</a></li>
  <li><a href="/contact">Contact us</a></li>
</ul>
```

### Tables for content

This single-column table is redundant. There is no
value in placing the content in a table, which makes
it harder for screen reader users to interpret and interact
with.

```html
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>
      Banana
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>
      Apple
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>
      Pear
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>
```

Should be rewritten as a list:

```html
<ul>
  <li>Banana</li>
  <li>Apple</li>
  <li>Pear</li>
</ul>
```

## Justification

Users of assistive technologies, like screen readers, can skip an entire
list in one step. In some cases, they can even search inside a list. 

These aids are not available where links are written outside a list. 
Failing to use lists correctly can force users to have to step through
hundreds of items one at a time.

## Methodology

1. Any single-column tables are automatically considered 
   redundant lists. 
2. For non-table elements, recursively work down the page looking inside
   each element for links separated by minimal amounts of non-link text. 
   If the non-link text is below 30 characters 
   in length, we assume we're inside content that should be a list.
   Some exceptions are made, e.g. the presence of an `<hr>` would break
   out of the list.

## More information

See [Technique
H48](https://www.w3.org/TR/2016/NOTE-WCAG20-TECHS-20161007/H48) for
details.

mark-navigation-section-as-list

December 2025

November 2025

Middlesex University London

Title / URL	Issues
Research areas \| Middlesex University Londonwww.mdx.ac.uk/our-research/research-areas	8
Research clusters \| Middlesex University Londonwww.mdx.ac.uk/our-research/research-groups	8
Research culture \| Middlesex University Londonwww.mdx.ac.uk/our-research/research-culture	8
Research Excellence Framework (REF) \| Middlesex University Londonwww.mdx.ac.uk/our-research/ref	8
Research quality and integrity \| Middlesex University Londonwww.mdx.ac.uk/our-research/research-integrity	8
Research centres \| Middlesex University Londonwww.mdx.ac.uk/our-research/centres	8
Open Access \| Middlesex University Londonwww.mdx.ac.uk/our-research/open-access	8
Website Accessibility \| Middlesex Universitywww.mdx.ac.uk/about-us/policies/website-accessibility/	7
Undergraduate open day \| Middlesex Universitywww.mdx.ac.uk/study/open-days/open-day/	5
Peppa Pig producer praises MDX animation students ahead of their film premiere \| Middlesex Universitywww.mdx.ac.uk/news/2023/12/phil-davies-award/	5

Write lists or groups of links semantically

Middlesex University London

Where this issue has occurred