Advising Center at Iowa Central

Iowa Central: Fitness Center (REC) Rec Center

Iowa Central: Transportation Technology Center

Iowa Central: School Nurse

Iowa Central: Performing Arts

Iowa Central: Online Learning

Iowa Central: Military & Veterans Services

Iowa Central Help Desk

Iowa Central: Student On Campus Housing

Iowa Central: TRIO Student Support Services (TRIO SSS)

All controls on the page - including links, buttons, and fields - should show when 
they have been selected by the keyboard.

You can confirm this yourself by loading a webpage and using the Tab key to navigate 
through it. Anything you can select should alter its appearance when selected. 
For example, a text field might change color, or have a distinctive border applied. 

This is default behavior for all standard web controls, and so if this issue is appearing
it is because this default behavior has been disabled. Or alternatively, if you have written
your own custom controls, these will need styling to support focus states.

## How to fix

Links and form controls typically define an `outline` CSS style, which ensures
they are highlighted automatically, for example:

```css
input:focus (outline: 2px solid red);
``` 

If you choose to override or disable the default `outline`, you should specify an accessible 
alternative, such as a border or background color.

### Elements appear to change in the browser

Focus states should be defined in CSS alone, and not require JavaScript to work.

Try disabling JavaScript on the page, and see if focus is still visible. If it not,
then the focus state won't work with assistive technologies that don't have a physical
keyboard, e.g. mobile phones.

Some more unusual means of implementing a focus state cannot be detected or measured
automatically. These include:

* Focus implemented via pseudo-elements - such as `::after` or `::before`.
* Focus using `:focus-within` (JavaScript current provides no way to access these).
* Focus cascaded to child elements, e.g. a `<span>` inside an `<a>` tag. We detect
  some of these cases, but there are variations that we cannot detect.

Currently, there is no practical way to assess these focus states automatically.

### Unexpected elements are focusable

You may be surprised to see tags like `<div>` or `<span>` being shown as focusable.
If an element has a `tabindex` of 0 or higher, it becomes focusable. Any HTML tag can be made 
focusable in this way, this is so that custom controls (e.g. your own drop-down menus, or 
sliders) can support keyboard navigation. [Learn more about tabindex on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/tabindex).

## Further reading

* [WCAG 2.4.7](https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG22/Understanding/focus-visible.html)

ensure-focus-is-visible

June 2024

May 2024

Iowa Central Community College

Title / URL	Issues
Advising Center at Iowa Centralwww.iowacentral.edu/advising/	4
Iowa Central: Fitness Center (REC) Rec Centerwww.iowacentral.edu/rec_center.asp	4
Iowa Central: Transportation Technology Centerwww.iowacentral.edu/transportation/	4
Iowa Central: School Nursewww.iowacentral.edu/school_nurse/	4
Iowa Central: Performing Artswww.iowacentral.edu/performing_arts/	4
Iowa Central: Online Learningwww.iowacentral.edu/online_learning/	4
Iowa Central: Military & Veterans Serviceswww.iowacentral.edu/veterans/	4
Iowa Central Help Deskwww.iowacentral.edu/help_desk/	4
Iowa Central: Student On Campus Housingwww.iowacentral.edu/housing/	4
Iowa Central: TRIO Student Support Services (TRIO SSS)www.iowacentral.edu/TRIO/	4

Ensure controls change appearance when they are selected

Iowa Central Community College

Where this issue has occurred