HEERF Report - University of California, Berkeley

Free Speech at UC Berkeley - University of California, Berkeley

Research - University of California, Berkeley

Websites A-Z - University of California, Berkeley

Jobs - University of California, Berkeley

Leadership - University of California, Berkeley

Campus Life - University of California, Berkeley

Faculty & Staff - University of California, Berkeley

Academics - University of California, Berkeley

2427 Dwight Way - University of California, Berkeley

Avoid opening links in a new tab or window. Where you must do this, include an explanation
in the text of the link.

## Why this matters

Opening links in a new tab or window breaks the back button and can be disorientating for 
novice web users, and the visually impaired. Generally you should avoid opening links in a
new tab or window, but if you have to, you should include text explaining that this will happen.

## How to fix

An explanation must be clear in the accessible text for the link. For example:

```html
<a href="products.html" target="_blank">
    Products (opens in new window)
</a>
```

Or, for an image inside a link:

```html
<a href="products.html" target="_blank">
    <img src="products.jpg" alt="Products (opens in new window)">
</a>
```

Rather than updating all of your links manually to do this, you can add a simple CSS
selector, such as:

```css
a[target="_blank"]:after {
    content: " (opens in new window)";
}
```

Note that doing this with an icon, is not sufficient to pass this check. The text must be
readable by screen readers.

Alternatively you can override the link text for accessible technologies (like screenreaders),
so that the appearance of the link does not change. For example:

```html
<a href="products.html" target="_blank" aria-label="Products (opens in new window)">
    Products
</a>
```

Note that if you do this, the `aria-label` will replace the text content of the link completely,
so it must still make sense in isolation.

## Terminology

Although it is common to say "opens in new window", almost all browsers now use tabs, and
so this terminology is potentially confusing. You may prefer: "opens in new tab".

## Methodology

1. Silktide considers all links on a page with a `target` attribute of `_blank`.
2. For each link, Silktide considers the screen-readable text of the link, which includes:
   * The text content of the link
   * Any `alt` text inside any images inside the link
   * Any `aria-label` or `aria-labelled-by` text
   * The `content` of the pseudo-elements `:before` and `:after`
3. This text is analysed for the presence of common text, including "opens new tab"
    and "opens new window". If the text is not found, the link fails the test.

## Further reading

Generally best practice is to avoid opening links in a new tab or window.  

The W3C provides detailed guidance on 
[when opening a link in a new window may be appropriate](https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/G200.html).

link-text-explains-open-in-new-window

January 2025

December 2024

Berkeley University of California

Title / URL	Issues
HEERF Report - University of California, Berkeleywww.berkeley.edu/heerf-report/	7
Free Speech at UC Berkeley - University of California, Berkeleywww.berkeley.edu/free-speech-60/	5
Research - University of California, Berkeleywww.berkeley.edu/research/	5
Websites A-Z - University of California, Berkeleywww.berkeley.edu/atoz/	5
Jobs - University of California, Berkeleywww.berkeley.edu/jobs/	5
Leadership - University of California, Berkeleywww.berkeley.edu/about/leadership/	5
Campus Life - University of California, Berkeleywww.berkeley.edu/campus-life/	5
Faculty & Staff - University of California, Berkeleywww.berkeley.edu/faculty-staff/	5
Academics - University of California, Berkeleywww.berkeley.edu/academics/	5
2427 Dwight Way - University of California, Berkeleywww.berkeley.edu/map/2427-dwight-way/	5

Ensure links explain they open in a new tab

Berkeley University of California

Where this issue has occurred